Gabungan Tasawuf dan Fiqh al-Bi’ah dalam Fiqh al-Watan: Analisis Simbiosis

The Combination of Sufism and Fiqh al-Bi’ah in Fiqh al-Watan: A Symbiosis Analysis

Abstract

Krisis ekologi kontemporari telah mendedahkan keterbatasan pendekatan undang-undang dan governans alam sekitar yang bersifat teknikal serta terpisah daripada dimensi nilai. Dalam wacana Islam, Fiqh al-Bi’ah sering dibangunkan berasaskan maqāṣid al-syarī‘ah, namun pendekatan ini cenderung bersifat legalistik dan kurang memberi perhatian kepada pembentukan kesedaran etika dan adab manusia terhadap alam. Artikel ini berhujah bahawa pengintegrasian tasawuf dan Fiqh al-Bi’ah dalam kerangka Fiqh al-Watan mampu menawarkan pendekatan yang lebih holistik dan berkesan dalam menangani isu ekologi. Kajian ini menggunakan kaedah kualitatif berasaskan analisis literatur dan sintesis konseptual untuk menilai hubungan epistemologi antara tasawuf dan Fiqh al-Bi’ah. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa tasawuf berfungsi sebagai epistemologi nilai yang membentuk kesedaran tauhidik, amanah dan ihsan terhadap alam, manakala Fiqh al-Bi’ah bertindak sebagai epistemologi hukum yang mengatur perlindungan alam berasaskanmaqāṣid al-syarī‘ah. Kedua-duanya membentuk satu simbiosis epistemologi yang disepadukan dalam Fiqh al-Watanmelalui peranan sulṭah, fiqah adat (‘urf ṣaḥīḥ) dan konteks tempatan. Artikel ini turut mengintegrasikan teori Mujiyono Abdillah yang mengkategorikan perosak alam sebagai penjenayah ekologi (jarīmah bi’ah), sekali gus menaikkan status perosakan alam daripada isu pentadbiran kepada pelanggaran serius terhadap maqāṣid dan kepentingan awam. Secara keseluruhan, kajian ini menyimpulkan bahawa Fiqh al-Watan berteras tasawuf dan Fiqh al-Bi’ah berpotensi menjadi model governans ekologi Islam yang holistik, berakar pada nilai spiritual, disokong oleh hukum, dan responsif terhadap realiti tempatan.

The contemporary ecological crisis has exposed the limitations of technical and legalistic approaches to environmental governance that are detached from ethical and spiritual values. Within Islamic discourse, Fiqh al-Bī’ah (Islamic environmental jurisprudence) is commonly developed through the framework of maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah, yet such approaches often remain legalistic and insufficient in cultivating moral consciousness and ethical responsibility toward nature. This article argues that integrating Sufism and Fiqh al-Bī’ah within the framework of Fiqh al-Watan offers a more holistic and effective approach to addressing ecological challenges. This study employs a qualitative methodology based on literature analysis and conceptual synthesis to examine the epistemological relationship between Sufism and Fiqh al-Bī’ah. The findings demonstrate that Sufism functions as an epistemology of values, fostering a tawḥīdic consciousness, a sense of trust (amānah), and ethical responsibility toward the environment, while Fiqh al-Bī’ah operates as an epistemology of law that regulates environmental protection through the principles of maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah. Together, they form an epistemological symbiosis that is integrated within Fiqh al-Watan through the roles of sulṭah (legitimate authority), customary law (‘urf ṣaḥīḥ), and local contexts. The article further incorporates Mujiyono Abdillah’s theory, which conceptualizes environmental destruction as ecological crime (jarīmah al-bī’ah), thereby elevating environmental harm from a mere administrative issue to a serious violation of maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah and public interest. Overall, the study concludes that a Fiqh al-Watan grounded in Sufism and Fiqh al-Bī’ah has the potential to serve as a holistic model of Islamic ecological governance, rooted in spiritual values, supported by legal structures, and responsive to local realities.