Journal of Tropical Resources and Sustainable Science (JTRSS)
Journal of Tropical Resources and Sustainable Science (JTRSS) is published by Universiti Malaysia Kelantan (UMK) Press and managed by Faculty of Agro based Industry (FIAT). The editorial office is located at FIAT, UMK Jeli Campus. Experts from various academic backgrounds contribute ideas, time and expertise towards successful and quality publication of Journal of Tropical Resources and Sustainable Science. An Article Processing Charge (APC) of RM 500 or USD 120 will apply to all accepted articles submitted on or after 15th July 2025. Starting from 2026, JTRSS will publish four issues annually in March, June, September, and December.
Exploring the features of plants threatening Malaysia's heritage buildings
Plants contribute to various functions in landscape design such as shade, ornamentation, food sources and etc. For heritage buildings, the functions of plants are identified as elements that can enhance the heritage value of a building. The presence of plants also harms the stability of heritage buildings. Certain plants have been identified to cause damage such as roof damage, wall cracks, plaster layer damage, stains on the paint layer, paint peeling, gutter and drain blockage, and wooden component damage. Therefore, the objective of this study is to identify the features of plants that threaten heritage buildings. This study used a qualitative research design involving observation and interviews. Observation methods were carried out on 112 masonry heritage buildings listed by the National Heritage Department (JWN). In-depth interviews were conducted with eight (8) registered conservators who possess extensive experience and are actively involved in heritage building conservation. The collected data were analyzed thematically to produce a list of characteristics of plants that contribute to the damage of heritage buildings. The study revealed eight (8) plant characteristics, namely compact canopy, shedding leaves excessively, bearing fruit, dense flowering, creeping root, adventitious root, weak wooded, and wide-crowned tree. This study aims to assist conservators, building occupants, maintenance contractors, and landscape architects in selecting suitable plants for landscaping and environmental design surrounding heritage buildings in Malaysia.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Tropical Resources and Sustainable Science (JTRSS)
Agronomic Performance and Resistance Traits of Abaca Hybrid 7 ( Musa textilis Nee ) in the Field
The abaca ((Musa textilis Nee) industry is a vital contributor to employment and foreign exchange in the Philippines, but its productivity is increasingly threatened by viral diseases, particularly abaca bunchy top virus (ABTV). This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance and disease resistance of newly developed ABTV-resistant abaca hybrids under screenhouse and field conditions. Tissue-cultured plantlets were assessed for key agronomic traits, including pseudostem weight, length, and girth; dry fiber weight; percent fiber recovery; and sucker production. Disease resistance was evaluated through symptom observation and confirmed using ELISA and PCR diagnostics. Results indicated that the hybrids matured earlier (10–14 months) after planting. Notably, abaca hybrid Bandala (H7) outperformed Inosa with longer pseudostem (240–250 cm), larger middle girth, top girth size, and a larger base girth, and 16 suckers produced over 11.Similarly, Abaca Hybrid 2 (H2) exhibited a statistically significant difference compared to Bandala (H7) and Tinawagang Pula with fiber recovery of 1.05%, 0.8% and 0.6%, respectively. Additionally, hybrids exhibited complete resistance to ABTV, showing no symptoms and testing negative via PCR using the primer BBT1 and BBT2 that amplify the 348 bp fragment of DNA-R genome component.The absence of infection was confirmed by PCR using an internal control that detects the presence of Musa sequence. Hybrids also showed partial resistance to abaca mosaic and bract mosaic viruses under high disease pressure. These findings highlight the potential of virus-resistant abaca hybrids to improve yield, reduce disease losses, and support the long-term sustainability of abaca industry.
Domestic Tourist Perceptions of Social Carrying Capacity: Implications for Sustainable Tourism Management in Pangkor Island, Perak
Although economically advantageous, tourism growth can present considerable challenges to local communities and natural environments if not properly managed. This study examines domestic tourists' perceptions of Social Carrying Capacity (SCC) on Pangkor Island, Perak, a well-known tourism destination in Malaysia. A quantitative approach was used to collect data from 92 domestic tourists through structured questionnaires and the People at One Time (PAOT) visual assessment method to assess perceived crowding during peak periods. Most respondents (84.8%) indicated that their visit was for holidays and leisure. Results demonstrate a moderate level of satisfaction with infrastructure, especially in transport services (mean = 3.27). However, concerns were identified regarding cleanliness (mean = 3.01), crowding (mean = 2.25), and interaction with local communities (mean = 2.29). Findings from the PAOT showed that moderate crowding levels were deemed acceptable, with 39.1% of the respondents selecting Image C and 37.0% selecting Image D. The study emphasises the necessity of ongoing monitoring and increased community engagement, despite current SCC indicators being within acceptable thresholds, to ensure a balance between tourism development and the quality of life for residents. The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers and tourism planners focused on sustainable destination management in coastal and island contexts.
Synthesis of Mannich Eugenol Oxirane Morpholine compound as antifungal in vitro and in silico
The use of antifungal drugs increases along with the increase in fungal infections. This causes the fungus to be resistant to antifungal drugs, one of which is the azole class of drugs. This increase resistance poses a major threat to global health services. This research aims to synthesize eugenol-morpholine compound reacted with epichlorohydrin as antifungal drug in vitro and in silico. In silico testing uses the molecular docking method with the discovery studio application. Synthesis of eugenol-morpholine and synthesis of eugenol oxirane morpholine using the reflux method. Characterization of synthetic compounds using NMR. The synthesized compound was applied for in vitro testing on the Candida albicans fungus using the disc diffusion method. The results of in vitro and in silico research show that the compound eugenol oxirane morpholine has better antifungal activity compared to the compounds eugenol-morpholine and eugenol. The results of in silico research showed a cDOCKER value of -38.5537 kcal/mol and the in vitro results had an inhibition zone of 28.55 mm. The best compound as an antifungal drug candidate is the compound eugenol oxirane morpholine with the lowest cDOCKER value in in silico testing and a wide zone of inhibition in in vitro testing showing very strong activity.
Bioactivity of Mikania micrantha extract in controlling Erwinia chrysanthemi: a natural antibacterial approach
Crop losses caused by soft rot disease induced by Erwinia chrysanthemi pose a persistent threat to global agricultural productivity. Excessive use of synthetic chemical pesticides to control such bacterial diseases has raised serious environmental and health concerns due to their residual toxicity and ecological impact. As an alternative, plant-derived biopesticides have gained attention for their biodegradability, safety, and sustainability. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Mikania micrantha Kunth (sembung rambat) leaf extract against E. chrysanthemi and to determine the most effective concentration for bacterial inhibition. The antibacterial assay was performed using the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion method with five treatments and four replications: three concentrations of M. micrantha leaf extract (25%, 50%, and 80%), a positive control (1% chloramphenicol), and a negative control (sterile distilled water). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a 95% confidence level.The results showed that M. micrantha extract exhibited moderate antibacterial activity, producing inhibition zones of 7.51 mm, 8.02 mm, and 8.40 mm for 25%, 50%, and 80% concentrations, respectively. Although inhibition increased with concentration, the differences among extract treatments were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The positive control exhibited a much larger inhibition zone (30.95 mm), while the negative control showed none.These findings indicate that M. micrantha leaf extract possesses moderate antibacterial potential against E. chrysanthemi and may serve as a promising plant-based biocontrol agent for sustainable disease management.
Analysis of heavy metal content in emissions from shell, fiber, and empty fruit bunch biomass fuels
Riau Province is one of the largest palm oil producers in Indonesia, where palm oil mills use boilers as a primary component to generate steam energy for processing activities. At PT TH Indo Plantation, particularly at Pulai Palm Oil Mill, biomass fuels such as palm kernel shells, fibers, and empty fruit bunches are commonly used. Boiler operations are often associated with emissions that may pose environmental and health risks. This study aims to analyze the heavy metal content in emissions from these biomass fuels. The research employed quantitative methods, including proximate and ultimate analyses, as well as spatial modeling using AERMOD to observe emission dispersion. The results showed relatively low heavy metal content: 0.01% in palm kernel shells and empty fruit bunches, and 0.02% in fibers. AERMOD simulation indicated that the concentration of PM2.5-type particulate matter reached 3.31311 µg/m³, with dispersion extending up to 3 km from the source. Based on these findings, the use of shell, fiber, and empty fruit bunch fuels at Pulai Palm Oil Mill does not result in significant environmental impact related to heavy metal dispersion and may be considered relatively safe.
Assessing landslide susceptibility in Bukit Kwong dam, Kelantan, Malaysia using geospatial techniques and frequency ratio model
Landslides occurring at or near dam structures are among the predominant forms of geological hazards responsible for significant loss of life, property damage, and environmental degradation worldwide. To understand the risk, this study evaluates the landslide susceptibility in the nearly ageing Bukit Kwong Dam where ageing denotes to time-related deterioration occurring fifty years of operation using an integrated approach of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), Geographic Information System (GIS) and frequency ratio model selected due to its simplicity and ability to provide numerical measure of the relative importance in the landslide occurrence. The proposed methodology involves the preparation of a landslide inventory, generation of multiple thematic maps representing factors influencing slope instability, including aspect, slope, plan curvature, profile curvature, elevation, land use, distance from river, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), rainfall, and distance from road. These thematic layers were subsequently integrated within a GIS environment using the frequency ratio technique to produce a Landslide Susceptibility Map (LSM). The LSM delineated five susceptibility classes, ranging from very low (48%), low (34%), moderate (12%), high (5%), and very high (1%). According to their high frequency values, slope, land use, plan and profile curvatures, and distance from river were identified as the most influential predisposing factors contributing to landslide occurrence. The performance and accuracy were evaluated using Area Under Curve (AUC), yielding a score of 0.85. The outcomes provide useful baseline information to identify landslide-prone areas for dam safety evaluations and slope management strategies in the region.
Landslide susceptibility Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Frequency ratio model Area under curve Malaysia
Geophysical investigation of subsurface structure using electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) and induced polarization (IP) methods in metaigneous terrains of Jeli, Kelantan
This study presents a geophysical investigation of subsurface structures within the metaigneous terrains of selected area located in Jeli, Kelantan using integrated Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) and Induced Polarization (IP) methods. The study area is located within Universiti Malaysia Kelantan Jeli Campus, Jeli District, Kelantan, and lies within the Central Belt of Peninsular Malaysia. Geological mapping at this area revealed the presence of metaigneous rocks, offering critical insights into the lithological distribution and structural deformation history of the region. Geophysical surveys along selected profiles delineated variations in resistivity and chargeability, identifying key features such as fractured zones, weathered layers, and compact bedrock. High resistivity and moderate-to-high chargeability values correspond to intact metaigneous rock bodies, while lower values indicate weathered or altered zones. The integration of ERI and IP data with surface geological observations provides a comprehensive model of the subsurface, offering insights valuable for Rare Earth Element (REE) mineral exploration.
Geoheritage Potential of Limestone Caves at Felda Chiku 7, Gua Musang, Kelantan, Malaysia
This study aims to assess the geoheritage potential of Felda Chiku 7 in Gua Musang District, Kelantan. The study area hosts two limestone caves, which exhibit distinctive geological and geomorphological features, including karst landforms, speleothems, and speleogens. Geologically, the area is underlain by three primary lithologies — limestone, phyllite, and slate — that comprise the Gua Musang Formation. The geology of the study area is mainly composed of three lithologies: limestone, phyllite, and slate. The study integrated qualitative and quantitative assessments: the qualitative assessment was based on the author's fieldwork observations, whilst the quantitative assessment was based on the Modified Geosite Assessment Model (M-GAM) framework. The M-GAM frameworks integrate expert perceptions with visitors'/public perceptions, with the Main Values covering scientific, aesthetic, and protection values, and the Additional Values covering functional and touristic values. The qualitative assessment indicates the geodiversity of rocks (lithologies), geomorphology (speleothems and speleogens), landscape and fossil. In addition, the scopes are petrological, geomorphological and paleontological sites, and the scale is small. As for the quantitative assessment, the study shows that aesthetic values rank highest, followed by protection, scientific, functional, and tourism values. The M-GAM results indicate an intermediate overall geoheritage potential (28.4%), with exceptionally high scenic/aesthetic and protection scores, and low touristic readiness (restaurant/visitor infrastructure minimal)—consistent with local familiarity but limited public exposure. The findings demonstrate that Felda Chiku 7 holds substantial potential for future geoconservation and geotourism initiatives, provided that appropriate management strategies, interpretative programmes, and community engagement efforts are implemented to enhance accessibility and long-term protection of this natural asset.
Evaluation of groundwater sources using Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) method in Felda Tersang 02, Raub, Pahang
This study employed the Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) technique in the Felda Tersang 02 area of Raub, Pahang, to address the region's water supply issues. The study area is primarily composed of sandstone, slate, and dacite. Groundwater, critical for sustaining agricultural and industrial demands, is rapidly depleting due to unsustainable extraction. However, since the underlying geology and hydrogeology are complex, investigating and assessing groundwater sources can be challenging. By measuring the electrical resistivity of underlying materials, a geophysical technique called Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) is used to map and evaluate groundwater sources. Each survey line is 200 m long with 41 takeouts spaced 5 m apart, using the Schlumberger and pole-dipole configurations. The study's findings will aid with groundwater resource management and provide a deeper understanding of the region's subsurface geology and hydrogeology. The 2D pseudosection results for all three survey lines reveal a significant accumulation of groundwater in a large geographical area. The identified low-resistivity range (0–100 Ωm) serves as a significant indicator of water-bearing formations, providing valuable insights into the area’s groundwater potential.
Roadside Trees Species Selection Model for Environmental Health and Public Safety in MalaysiaRoadside Trees Species Selection Model for Environmental Health and Public Safety in Malaysia
Selecting right tree species for roadside planting is crucial to balance environmental health with public safety concerns. Roadside trees as a part of urban green infrastructure have the potential to cope with some of these problems in urban environment and provide an array of services such as shade provision and aesthetic creation. Unfortunately, roadside trees are also acknowledged to render disservices. Damaged road surface, pedestrian walkway and underground utilities are a few instances of this. The wrong tree species planted at the wrong place can lead to significant environmental, social and economic consequences. The aim of this study is to develop roadside tree species selection model for reference to the local authorities. Two objectives are to determine additional attributes in urban roadside tree species selection and to examine the relationship between additional and similar attributes in landscape practices. This research employs mixed methods approaches consisting of both qualitative and quantitative approaches. An in-depth interview was conducted in four selected local authorities, namely Kuala Lumpur City Hall, Petaling Jaya City Council, Selayang Municipal Council, and Subang Jaya Municipal Council. The findings are validated by five registered landscape architects, revealing ten (10) additional attributes of root invasiveness and behavior, wood brittleness and branch drop risk, allergenic potential, growth rate and canopy management, compatibility with urban infrastructure, drought and pollution tolerance, fire resistance and flammability, wildlife attraction and pest management, aesthetic consistency and public perception, structural stability and wind resistance that influences the selection of roadside tree species in urban areas. These attributes were integrated into the roadside tree species selection model.
The Economic Value of Forest Ecosystem Services: Insights from Recreation and Ecotourism
Forests provide a variety of ecosystem services essential for human well-being, with recreation and ecotourism increasingly recognised as valuable non-market benefits. This study assesses the economic value of forest ecosystem services and visitors’ perceptions of recreational and conservation roles within two selected Eco Parks in Perak, Malaysia, namely Taman Eko-Rimba (TER) Lata Iskandar and TER Pasir Panjang. Using the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), primary data were collected through structured surveys of 501 visitors (with a minimum of 250 respondents per site) to estimate their willingness to pay (WTP) for continued recreational access and enhanced conservation initiatives. The findings reveal that recreational and ecotourism services contribute significantly to the local economy through notable non-market values and individual WTP estimates. The OLS and Logistic regression models show mean WTP values of RM5.85 (OLS) and RM8.80 (Logit) for TER Lata Iskandar, and RM8.10 (OLS) and RM10.50 (Logit) for TER Pasir Panjang. Key significant determinants of WTP include income, education, visit frequency, visit duration, and repeat visitation, underscoring the influence of socio-economic capacity and behavioural factors on conservation support. Most visitors expressed strong support for conservation initiatives and recognised the importance of Eco Parks in providing environmental education, biodiversity protection, and community benefits. Positive visitor perceptions further reinforce the role of Eco Parks as essential assets for sustainable tourism and rural economic development. This study highlights the importance of integrating both economic valuation and public perception into forest management strategies to enhance conservation financing, improve visitor experiences, and support community livelihoods
Evaluation of heavy metal contamination and pollution indices in soil from selected dumpsites in Kelantan, Malaysia
Heavy metal contamination was one of the most important environmental issues, and the dumping of municipal waste at the dumpsites led to the contamination. Hence, this study focused on three dumpsites in Kelantan which were Beris Lalang Dumpsite, Kok Bedollah Dumpsite, and Bukit Che Ros Dumpsite. This study aimed to determine the concentration of selected heavy metals and to examine the soil quality using pollution indices. The soil samples were analysed using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). This study revealed the mean concentration of heavy metals in soil at Beris Lalang Dumpsite as following order, Cu (16.00 mgkg-1) > Cr (11.87 mgkg-1) > Zn (10.54 mgkg-1) > Mn (6.69 mgkg-1) > Pb (5.72 mgkg-1), while Kok Bedollah Dumpsite were Mn (64.86 mgkg-1) > Zn (31.28 mgkg-1) > Cu (18.92 mgkg-1) > Pb (18.59 mgkg-1) > Cr (3.52 mgkg-1) and Bukit Che Ros Dumpsite, were Zn (17.46 mgkg-1) > Cu (13.24 mgkg-1) > Cr (8.60 mgkg-1) > Mn (5.74 mgkg-1) > Pb (4.89 mgkg-1). Meanwhile for the pollution indices, the Igeo result showed that all stations were in class 0 except for one sampling point at Kok Bedollah Dumpsite. This is also supported by the Pollution Load Index (PLI) result for each dumpsite, which was also below 1, indicating that the areas were not polluted. If dumpsite management remains not managed correctly, this contamination may continue to have an impact on soil quality in the future. As a result, the data gained from this study was valuable in assisting authorities in managing dumpsites systematically to maintain the soil quality.
heavy metal, dumpsite, pollution indices, geo-accumulation index, pollution load index
Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) assay for rapid detection of Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV) infecting Abaca (Musa textilis Nee) in the major abaca plantations in Caraga Region
This study evaluated the diagnostic efficacy of two methods for detecting Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV) in abaca: conventional Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and a novel colorimetric Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) assay. The study's purpose was to determine which method is more effective for field-based surveillance in the Philippines, a country with significant economic reliance on abaca production. A total of 243 leaf samples from key abaca-producing municipalities in the Caraga Region were collected and tested.The LAMP assay exhibited a significantly higher detection rate, identifying 85.2% of samples as positive compared to only 35.8% by conventional PCR (χ2 = 121.92, df = 1, p < 0.001). This diagnostic superiority was consistent across all four provinces surveyed, with the most pronounced difference in Surigao del Norte, where LAMP detected 86.04% of infections compared to a mere 2.33% by PCR. These findings reveal a substantial, previously hidden, reservoir of asymptomatic and low-titer BBTV infections that evade detection by traditional methods.The novelty of this study lies in its demonstration that LAMP is not only more sensitive but also uniquely suited for resource-limited settings due to its simple visual readout and lack of reliance on complex laboratory equipment. The results highlight that relying solely on symptom-based surveillance severely underestimates the true disease prevalence. The study concludes that adopting LAMP as a cornerstone of national surveillance efforts could provide a critical advantage in curbing the silent spread of BBTV, ensuring the sustainability of the abaca industry in the Philippines.
Species richness and composition of small mammal assemblage in Sedim River Forest Eco Park
Small mammals are essential components of tropical rainforest ecosystems and hold potential to support biodiversity-based ecotourism through engaging wildlife encounters. This study assessed species richness, composition, and beta diversity of small mammals in Sedim River Forest Eco Park, Peninsular Malaysia as well as their guild-specific detection pattern. Systematic sampling was conducted within a 400 m × 200 m plot using 100 collapsible cage traps, three harp traps, and 10 mist nets over five sampling sessions, each comprising five consecutive nights. Opportunistic observations were also carried out. A total of 26 species from 10 families were recorded. Live trapping captured 113 individuals representing 18 species, with Hipposideros larvatus being the most common. Direct observation yielded six individuals of six distinct arboreal species, with no overlap between methods, highlighting the complementary value of both methods. Diversity indices across sessions ranged from 0 to 2.53 (Shannon–Weiner), 0 to 0.9021 (Simpson), and 0.628 to 1.0 (evenness), with peak diversity during Session 3. A significant association was found between the sampling method and ecological guild (χ² = 45.61, df = 2, p < 0.001). Beta diversity analysis using the Bray-Curtis Similarity Index revealed that the small mammal community in Gunung Inas FR (where Sedim River Forest Eco Park is located) was more similar to Padang Chong FR (43.2%) than Ulu Muda FR (29.3%), supported by a shared species count of 12. These findings demonstrate the importance of multi-method sampling and highlight the potential of diverse small mammal communities as valuable assets in low-impact ecotourism and conservation planning.
Ecophysiological responses of the halophyte Lumnitzera racemosa Willd. to heavy metal stress in an ultramafic mining environment
Plants are essential components of life, providing food, habitat, and ecological balance. Their leaves harness solar energy, making them critical indicators of environmental health. Leaf size indices provide valuable insights into plant health, transpiration, growth, temperature regulation, and light capture. This study investigated the effects of six heavy metals—Molybdenum (Mo), Manganese (Mn), Lead (Pb), Chromium (Cr), Nickel (Ni), and Cadmium (Cd)—on the morphometric leaf traits of the halophyte Lumnitzera racemosa Willd. in an ultramafic mining site in Claver, Surigao del Norte, with a non-mining control site in Nasipit, Agusan del Norte. Sediment analyses revealed that Cr (4,434 ppm) and Ni (4,234 ppm) in the mining site exceeded WHO and FAO permissible limits (100 and 50 ppm, respectively), while Ni (552 ppm) and Cr (334 ppm) in the control site also surpassed thresholds, indicating diffuse contamination. Morphometric analysis showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in all measured leaf traits between sites. L. racemosa in Nasipit exhibited longer leaves (mean = 5.17 cm) and greater leaf area (mean = 7.53 cm²) compared with Claver (4.17 cm and 6.83 cm², respectively), representing increases of 22% in length and 9% in area. In contrast, leaves from Claver had broader widths (by 12%) and longer petioles (by 15%), possibly reflecting compensatory morphological plasticity under multi-metal stress. The widespread contamination of all six heavy metals likely induced synergistic or antagonistic toxic effects, altering cell division and photosynthetic activity. Leaf macronutrient analysis revealed nitrogen deficiency in both populations, optimum to high phosphorus, and excessive potassium levels, suggesting that leaf size variations were not driven by nutrient imbalance but by metal toxicity and environmental stress. The study concludes that L. racemosa exhibits adaptive morphometric responses to heavy metal exposure, indicating its potential as a bioindicator species for monitoring contamination in ultramafic and mining-affected mangrove ecosystems.
Aboveground biomass and carbon sequestration potential of tree species in KRAEFI-Sumile Botanical and Zoological Garden
Forest ecosystems are crucial to mitigating the effects of global warming because they function as carbon sinks and sources of carbon, regulating the flow of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere. This study estimated the aboveground biomass and potential of carbon sequestration of tree species within the Knights of Rizal Agricultural Endeavor Foundation, Incorporated (KRAEFI) Sumile Botanical and Zoological Garden in Butuan City, Philippines. A stratified random sampling design was employed to represent the tree population accurately. The assessment involved tree identification, diameter measurement at breast height (DBH), and the total tree height. Using an allometric equation, data from 18 plots revealed 115 individual trees representing 12 families. Among them, Swietenia macrophylla, Gmelina arborea, and Acacia mangium recorded the highest Importance Value at 180.76, 47.26, and 14.84, respectively, while Eucalyptus deglupta had the lowest at 1.77. The total aboveground biomass in the study site was 53,219.6 kg. Based on this biomass, the estimated total carbon sequestered was 86.46 Mg/ha. The study emphasized the critical influence of tree size and age on carbon sequestration potential, with older, larger trees storing more carbon. These findings are essential for guiding botanical garden management, restoration planning, and the selection of tree species with high carbon storage capacity to support climate change mitigation efforts.
Species diversity of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) in an urban ecosystem, Hutan Bandar Jeli, Kelantan
Urban green spaces are vital refuges for biodiversity within expanding cityscapes, yet butterfly diversity in Malaysian urban forests remains poorly documented. This study provides the first comprehensive checklist and diversity assessment of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) from Hutan Bandar Jeli, Kelantan. Field sampling was conducted over 15 consecutive days using fruit-baited traps and aerial nets allowing for the detection of both fruit-feeding and active flying species. A total of 244 individuals representing 38 species across 11 subfamilies were recorded. The most abundant species were Mycalesis mineus (n = 41), Jamides celeno (n = 32), Tanaecia iapis (n = 27), and Mycalesis janardana (n = 27), highlighting their adaptability to urban forest environments and potential role as indicators of habitat quality in disturbed landscapes. Conversely, 16 species were recorded as singletons, reflecting the presence of rare or less commonly encountered taxa. Diversity indices indicate a moderately high species richness and evenness (Shannon-Wiener Index (H′) = 2.82; Margalef’s Richness Index (Dₘg) = 6.72; Pielou’s Evenness Index (J′) = 0.77). Rarefaction and extrapolation analyses (iNEXT) revealed that sampling captured over 93% of the expected species richness, suggesting effective sampling effort with potential for additional species to be detected through extended or seasonal surveys. This study demonstrates that even small urban forest parks can sustain a remarkably diverse butterfly assemblage, highlighting their ecological and conservation value as biodiversity reservoirs within human-dominated landscapes. The findings further emphasise the importance of incorporating biodiversity considerations into urban planning and habitat management to safeguard such green spaces for the benefit of both wildlife and people.
Assessing the Role of Knowledge in Shaping Household Solid Waste Management Practices: A Study in Kota Bharu Kelantan
Solid Waste Management (SWM) is a crucial aspect of environmental sustainability, requiring active participation from households to ensure effective implementation. This study aims to assess the level of knowledge and practices related to Household Solid Waste Management (HSWM) and examine the association between knowledge and practices, as well as the influence of demographic factors. Data were collected using structured questionnaires distributed to selected households and analysed using SPSS 26 software. The sampling technique used was convenience sampling. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods, including T-tests, and Chi-square tests, were employed. Results indicated significant differences in knowledge and practices based on gender. Furthermore, a significant association was observed between knowledge and practices across all components of HSWM (p < 0.001). The findings suggest that demographic factors play a meaningful role in shaping household waste management practices. Enhancing knowledge and promoting targeted educational strategies can further improve community engagement in sustainable waste practices.
Sustainable Consumption in Practice: Exploring Green Product Purchase Intentions Among Malaysian Adults
Growing environmental challenges have intensified the need to understand the determinants that influence consumers’ decisions to purchase green products, particularly in developing countries such as Malaysia, where sustainable consumption remains limited. This study examines the key predictors of green product purchase intention by extending the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) with two additional constructs: green awareness and environmental concern. A cross-sectional quantitative approach was employed, and data were collected from 302 Malaysian young adults using an online questionnaire. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with SmartPLS 4.0 was used to evaluate the measurement and structural models. Findings indicate that four constructs—attitude (β = 0.168, t = 2.208, p = 0.014), perceived behavioral control (β = 0.180, t = 2.243, p = 0.013), subjective norms (β = 0.226, t = 4.438, p < 0.001), and green awareness (β = 0.225, t = 3.708, p < 0.001)—positively support green product purchase intention. In contrast, environmental concern was not supported (β = 0.104, t = 1.581, p = 0.057), suggesting that general concern for the environment does not directly translate into intention unless reinforced by more immediate cognitive or social mechanisms. This study contributes to the green consumer behavior literature by integrating awareness-based constructs within the TPB framework, offering deeper insight into the psychological and social factors shaping green product purchase intention among Malaysian young adults. The findings provide practical implications for policymakers and marketers by emphasising the role of awareness, social influence, and perceived capability in strengthening sustainable consumption patterns. Recommendations for future research are also proposed.
Isolation, Identification, and Bioefficacy of Indigenous Entomopathogenic Fungi Against Pentalonia nigronervosa Coq. in Abaca
Abaca (Musa textilis Nee) remains at risk due to Banana bunchy top virus and Abaca bunchy top virus, vectored by Pentalonia nigronervosa Coq. Present management practices primarily rely on chemical insecticides, raising environmental and sustainability concerns. This study explores the biocontrol potential of indigenous entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) sourced from aphids and rhizospheric soil in abaca-growing areas. Four fast-growing and sporulating ones were selected from twenty fungal isolates for molecular identification via the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. AEPF5 was 100 % similar to Fusarium sp., AEPF9 as Penicillium sp. (97 %), SEPF1 as Talaromyces funiculosus (100 %), and SEPF5 as Trichoderma sp. (99 %). SEPF5 and AEPF9 were the most aggressive and effective, with the highest mortality rates of 70.00 % and 64.44 % after 12 hrs, respectively. All isolates were comparable to the used commercial insecticide with 100 % mortality after 48 hrs. Trichoderma sp. showed rapid infectivity and robust pathogenicity. Penicillium sp. exhibited potent bioactivity but was marginally slower. Conversely, Fusarium sp. displayed limited pathogenicity, and Talaromyces sp. showed varied pathogenicity. Results affirm the promise of indigenous EPF as effective, reducing reliance on synthetic chemicals, improving ecological balance, and strengthening the resilience of abaca farming communities. This approach contributes to regenerative pest management strategies that align with sustainable fiber-based agroecosystems.
From Farm to Fork: Evaluating the Socio-Economic and Environmental Impact of Consumer Meat Preferences in Support of Local Agriculture
Consumer food choices, particularly regarding meat consumption, significantly influence both environmental sustainability and rural economic development. This study examines how consumer preferences for locally sourced versus industrially produced meat impact local agricultural systems, ecological outcomes, and socio-economic conditions. A total of 292 questionnaires were distributed through an online platform. Using a descriptive analysis and Binary Logistic Regression Model, the research explores the drivers of meat purchasing decisions. Results indicate that Malaysian consumers frequently prioritise factors such as price, availability, and brand recognition, even while expressing preference for locally sourced and halal meat. However, barriers such as price sensitivity, consumer awareness, and distribution access limit broader adoption. The study concludes with policy and market recommendations to promote sustainable meat consumption that benefits both local communities and the environment such as addressing price sensitivity, improving consumer awareness, enhancing halal certification, and improving network system and availability of local meat.
Trends and Patterns in the Use of the Contingent Valuation Method for Conservation: A Bibliometric Analysis
The Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) remains one of the most widely applied stated preference techniques for assessing the economic value of non-market environmental goods and services, particularly in conservation research. However, a systematic understanding of how this field has evolved regarding research productivity, intellectual structure, and thematic direction remains limited. This study conducts a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of CVM-related publications in conservation between 2000 and 2024, using data retrieved from the Scopus database. VOSviewer and Scopus Analyzer were employed to examine leading authors, publication trends, document types, influential journals, keyword co-occurrence, and citation networks by source type. The results reveal a steady increase in publication output, with notable growth after 2016 and a peak in 2020, reflecting CVM's growing methodological maturity and policy relevance. China, the United States, and Malaysia emerged as major contributors, alongside expanding participation from developing regions. Highly cited works by Loomis, Carson, Hanley, and Hanemann continue to shape the theoretical foundation of CVM, whilst emerging themes highlight applications in ecosystem service valuation, climate change, marine conservation, and sustainable tourism. Ecological Economics was identified as the most influential journal, with growing contributions from interdisciplinary outlets such as Sustainability and the Journal of Environmental Management. Despite these advances, Western dominance and limited synthesis studies indicate a need for greater geographic and conceptual inclusivity. Overall, CVM has evolved into an integrative framework linking ecological, social, and economic dimensions of conservation, with future research encouraged to enhance methodological innovation and cross-regional collaboration.
Assessment of Non-Volant Small Mammals at Lenggor Forest Reserve and Mersing Forest Reserve in Johor, Malaysia
Surveys of non-volant small mammals were conducted in two fragmented forest reserves within Johor, namely Mersing Forest Reserve (MFR) and Lenggor Forest Reserve (LFR), which are part of the J-PL1 ecological corridor under the Central Forest Spine (CFS) initiative. The surveys were conducted from June to October 2024 to document the diversity of non-volant small mammals at the MFR and LFR. In each forest reserve, six transect lines measuring 100m in length were established at distances of 300m, 500m, and 1000m from the forest edge. Ten collapsible cage traps were set along each transect line and operated for five consecutive nights per session. A total of four sampling sessions were conducted at each site. Apart from this, observation was made to document arboreal species. Overall, 15 species are recorded from both forest reserves. MFR recorded 15 species (six families), while LFR recorded 11 species (four families). Species diversity (Shannon-Wiener Index) is comparable between MFR (H′ = 1.658) and LFR (H′ = 1.635). Notably, two Vulnerable species, namely Maxomys whiteheadi and Maxomys rajah, were also documented at both forest reserves. These findings portray the ecological significance of LFR and MFR as vital habitats that support a diverse community of non-volant small mammals. Hence, maintaining and enhancing habitat connectivity within the J-PL1 corridor is crucial for preserving ecological integrity and ensuring the long-term survival of non-volant small mammal populations in this ecological corridor and its adjacent areas.
Rapid assessments of bird species richness in selected forest eco-parks in Perak, Peninsular Malaysia
Observations on avifauna were conducted across 10 forest eco-parks (FEPs) in Perak from 19 to 26 April 2024 to document and update avifaunal species richness. Two teams of six observers conducted direct observations using cameras and binoculars. Over the eight-day survey period, each team concurrently covered five sites, with each site surveyed for a total of 10 hours per site. Overall, a total of 132 bird species from 44 families were recorded. The family Pycnonotidae showed the highest species richness, encompassing 10.6% (14spp.) of the total species documented in the study. Resident birds dominated the observations, accounting for 87.9% (116spp.), while insectivorous species were the most common feeding guild, comprising 47.7% (63spp.) of the total species recorded. The most widespread and frequently encountered species were the Oriental Magpie-robin (Copsychus saularis), Black-headed Bulbul (Brachypodius atriceps), and Red-eyed Bulbul (Pycnonotus brunneus). According to the Wildlife Conservation Act 2010, 112 species are classified as Totally Protected (TP), and 10 species as Protected (P). Based on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, two species are listed as Endangered (EN), and three as Vulnerable (VU). This record emphasized the role of these sites as important refuges for species of conservation concern. Among all sites, Kaki Bukit Larut FEP recorded the highest species richness, representing 38.6% (51spp.) of the total species. Bird species richness varied between sites, with low to moderate Jaccard similarity values (J = 0.05-0.33), reflecting high species turnover and highlighting distinct avian communities across the study area. The highest similarity was between Kledang Saiong and Papan FEPs (J = 0.33), while Sungai Salu FEP exhibited the most distinct species (J = 0.05). Hypothetically, habitat structure, elevation, geographic location, food availability, and rainfall may be among the most influential factors shaping bird species richness across the forest eco-parks in this study, as highlighted in prior research. These findings demonstrate the ecological uniqueness of each forest eco-park and emphasize the importance of conserving multiple sites to preserve regional bird diversity. This study also provides essential baseline data for stakeholders, including the Perak State Forestry Department, the Department of Wildlife and National Parks, the Perak State Government, ecotourism planners, and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), to inform future conservation planning and biodiversity monitoring efforts within Perak’s forested landscapes.
Diversity assessment of tree species in Mount Mayapay, Buenavista, Agusan del Norte, Philippines
High tree species diversity is generally considered a positive indicator of ecosystem health and resilience. This study provides the diversity assessment of the tree species in the part of Mount Mayapay situated in Barangay Sangay, Buenavista, Agusan del Norte, including its conservation status. The assessment documented a total of 23 species belonging to 17 different families. Falcataria falcata, Swietenia macrophylla, and Polyscias nodosa were the most abundant species in the area, and most of the species belong to the Moraceae family. Notably, the Pterocarpus indicus, which is listed as Endangered by the IUCN Red List and Vulnerable under DENR Administrative Order 2017-11, and Litsea philippinensis, categorized as Near Threatened by the IUCN, were recorded, highlighting key local conservation priorities. A Shannon–Wiener Index of 2.798 indicates moderate floristic diversity, while importance value analysis identified F. falcata and S. macrophylla as the most ecologically significant species. Small trees' random distribution pattern and dominance suggest a relatively young stand shaped by natural regeneration and deliberate planting. These findings provide crucial insights into species composition, ecological significance, and diversity, and they underscore the need for comprehensive research across the entire area—including steep slopes—to guide conservation strategies for threatened species in the area.
Diversity, Distribution, and Zonation Patterns of Mangrove Species in Sulaman Lake, Tuaran, Sabah
Sulaman Lake is located in Tuaran-Kota Belud, Sabah is an important wetland area that supports rich mangrove ecosystems and provides resources for nearby communities. This study aimed to document and compare the diversity of mangrove species found across four zones which are Sulaman Lake, Sungai Kindu, Kampung Serusop, and Sungai Betutai. A total of 24 mangrove species were identified throughout this floral survey consisting of 12 exclusive and 12 associate mangrove species. Kampung Serusop was noted for having the greatest number of mangrove species found (18 species), followed by Sungai Betutai (19 species), Sungai Kindu (7 species), and Sulaman Lake (5 species). The Rhizophoraceae family was the most dominant and widely distributed particularly Rhizophora apiculata, R. mucronata, and Bruguiera gymnorhiza, which thrive in areas with strong tidal impact. The differences between exclusive and associate species reflected distinct zonation patterns, likely influenced by tidal changes and surrounding habitat features. All recorded species were listed as Least Concern by the IUCN. Overall, the findings highlight Sulaman Lake as a valuable and biodiverse mangrove habitat.
Reptile species composition at three forest reserves in the Central Forest Spine ecological corridor B-SL1, Selangor, Malaysia
Central Forest Spine (CFS) is an important initiative to reconnect fragmented forest areas in the Peninsular Malaysia. According to the master plan (PIRECFS 2022), 39 ecological corridors have been identified, including CFS B-SL1, which connects Raja Musa Forest Reserve, Bukit Tarek Forest Reserve, and Gading Forest Reserve in Selangor. A review of existing research on reptilian diversity in these reserves revealed a lack of studies, with some focusing on the Bukit Tarek Forest Reserve. This study aims to document the reptile species present in CFS B-SL1. Fieldwork was conducted in May, June, August, September, and October 2022, with two sampling sessions in each forest reserve. A total of 25 pitfall traps were used for five consecutive nights, and active searches were done for two nights per session. The study identified 18 species from nine families, with Calotes emma being the most frequently captured species (n=31). Gading Forest Reserve constitutes the highest number of species (12 sp). The Agamidae family accounted for the highest families in B-SL1, which is 65.08%. Jaccard’s similarity dendrogram indicated Gading Forest Reserve and Raja Musa Forest Reserve clustered together, although the similarity was below 0.4. Kruskal-Wallis test indicated no significant difference in reptile diversity across three forest reservesThe rarefaction curve indicates that more species could be discovered if the sampling effort were increased. Recommendation includes proposing buffer zones at the corridor and monitoring the usage of herbicides at the plantations within the corridor. The study suggests that more time and effort are needed to uncover additional reptilian species in these forest reserves.
The bioconcentration of metals in Oreochromis niloticus and Pangasius sp. from a commercial fishpond
The accumulation of metals in aquatic organisms is a growing environmental and public health concern, often linked to contamination from industrial and agricultural sources. This study investigated the concentrations of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) in Oreochromis niloticus and Pangasius sp., collected from a commercial fishpond in Marang, Terengganu. Metal concentrations in fish tissues were determined using acid digestion followed by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS). Results showed that Pangasius sp., a bottom-dwelling species, accumulated significantly higher levels of Fe (271 mg/kg), Zn (50.6 mg/kg), and Cu (16.2 mg/kg) as compared to O. niloticus, a column feeder. These differences are likely due to species-specific habitat preferences and feeding behaviours, with Pangasius sp. being more exposed to sediment-associated metals. To evaluate potential human health risks, Target Hazard Quotients (THQs) were calculated, indicating possible non-carcinogenic effects. Importantly, the concentrations of all metals exceeded the permissible limits set by the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the Malaysian Food Act. These findings highlight the need for ongoing monitoring of aquaculture environments and the implementation of effective management strategies to minimise metal contamination and ensure food safety.
Spatiotemporal analysis of rainfall and water levels in Kuala Krai, Kelantan, from 2009 to 2020: interpolation, trend assessment and flood risk mapping
Kelantan experiences annual flood events, many of which are triggered by rainfall exceeding historical norms. This study investigates the spatiotemporal patterns of rainfall and water levels in Kuala Krai, Kelantan, Malaysia, using data collected from 2009 to 2020 by the Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID). Missing data were addressed through arithmetic mean interpolation, and trend analyses were conducted using the Mann-Kendall test. The total rainfall ranged from 28,698.3 mm to 30,610.4 mm across Dabong, Ldg. Kuala Gris, Kg. Laloh, Ldg. Lepan Kabu, Ldg. Kuala Nal, and JPS Kuala Krai, reflecting spatial variability in precipitation within the district. Among these stations, Dabong recorded the highest average monthly rainfall at 212.572 mm, followed closely by Ldg. Kuala Nal at 210.868 mm. The comparison between interpolated and missing rainfall datasets was minimal at Dabong station (average 0.286 mm; total 41.4 mm), indicating that the observed data were largely complete and reliable. By contrast, Kg Laloh station recorded the highest difference (average 7.287 mm; total 1049.3 mm), suggesting substantial gaps in the original dataset and a heavy reliance on interpolation to reconstruct rainfall values. According to the map created in the present study, the high-risk flood-prone area is concentrated in the central part of Kuala Krai, where almost 70% of the district was inundated during major flood events. The findings emphasise the significance of precise rainfall monitoring and underscore the wider effects of extreme weather on hydrological systems and community readiness.