Journal of Tropical Resources and Sustainable Science (JTRSS)
Journal of Tropical Resources and Sustainable Science (JTRSS) is published by Universiti Malaysia Kelantan (UMK) Press and managed by Faculty of Agro based Industry (FIAT). The editorial office is located at FIAT, UMK Jeli Campus. Experts from various academic backgrounds contribute ideas, time and expertise towards successful and quality publication of Journal of Tropical Resources and Sustainable Science. An Article Processing Charge (APC) of RM 500 or USD 120 will apply to all accepted articles submitted on or after 15th July 2025.
Land suitability Analysis for Sustainable Agriculture Development using Multi-Criteria Analysis and Machine Learning Techniques: Case Study of Shibpur Upazila
Assessing the suitability of crops is crucial for determining a plot of land's capacity for producing crops sustainably. The primary objectives of this study are to conduct a land suitability analysis for sustainable agricultural development and to develop a land information system with crop recommendations. In this study, land suitability categorization and crop recommendations were produced while taking into account many criteria such as slope, elevation, land cover, low flood risk, soil moisture, and favorable soil. Land suitability is categorized into three categories: most suitable, suitable, and less suitable. The results of the land use map analysis show that agricultural land is 57% of total land. Out of total agricultural land, 19.44% is most appropriate for agriculture, while 32.22% is suitable and 48.34% is less suitable. The research conducted here developed a Mouza Plot-wise Land Information System (LIS) that is placed on a cloud server, providing simplicity of use and flexibility. This system helps people or local authorities to know if this land is suitable, less suitable, or not suitable for Agriculture.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Tropical Resources and Sustainable Science (JTRSS)
A Case Survey on the Living Habits and Awareness of Food Waste Composting in Layang-Layang, Johor
Food waste management is a critical issue in modern urban landscapes. This study investigated the living habits and awareness of food waste composting in Kampung Jaya SC Sepakat community, Layang-Layang, Johor. An analysis of 273 participants in the survey study revealed that the community had varied living habits and the rates of food waste composting ranged from 40% to 80%. There was a clear correlation between knowledge about composting and the adoption of sustainable behaviors that minimized food waste within this community. A significant number of participants also demonstrated knowledge of household composting equipment and stated a strong inclination to make use of it. The study has generated valuable insights for potential food waste management practices and environmental organizations in the efforts of food waste reduction and composting.
Groundwater quality assessment around Lake Mkpitime, Nigeria, using integrated geophysical and hydrochemical approaches
Groundwater quality assessment around Lake Mkpitme has not received any investigations. The goal of this study was to apply integrated geophysical and hydrochemical approaches to investigate the suitability of the groundwater around the lake for domestic, agricultural and industrial sustainable use. Ten vertical electrical soundings (VES) were conducted within the lake vicinity, while four groundwater samples and seven lake samples were collected for water quality assessment. The VES result revealed an aquifer depth range of 14.8 – 108 m, located within the fourth layer, while the aquifer resistivity ranged from 645 – 5287 ?m. Dar-Zarrouk parameters evaluation revealed values of longitudinal conductance (0.03-0.213 ?-1), transmissivity (1.94-98.62 m2/day), transverse resistance (47247-313525 ?m2), indicating an aquifer with poor to intermediate protective capacity and low to intermediate potential. The hydrochemical analysis of groundwater samples revealed dominant Ca2+ - Na+ - HCO3- - Cl- - SO42- water facies, while the lake samples revealed Ca2+ - Na+ - HCO3- Cl- - SO42- water facies, indicating water mixing and suggestive of lake and groundwater interaction, as groundwater close to the lake has higher concentrations and possible stratification of water chemistry with depth. The fresh water nature of groundwater was revealed by the maximum TDS range of 10.8-19.3 mg/l, while that of the lake ranged from 10.8-31.3 mg/l, implying fresh-moderate subsurface mineralization, with groundwater that is within the permissible limit of the World Health Organization. The results showed that the groundwater quality around the lake is suitable and sustainable for both domestic, agricultural and industrial needs.
Comparative Growth Performances of Saanen Does in Traditional Wooden and Aluminium Galvanized Iron Housing System
Growth performance can be used as indicator to utilize the general adaptability of the farm animal in the housing system. This study was done to evaluate the impact of traditional wooden and aluminium galvanized iron houses on growth performance of Saanen does for a period of three months. Twelve, aged nine to twelve months old Saanen does with average weight 24.6 ± 1.2 kg was randomly were assigned to each housing types (n = 6 per group). Live weights were recorded weekly, and total weight gain and average daily gain (ADG) were analysed using non-parametric tests. The results revealed no statistically significant differences (P > 0.05) in weekly weight gain or average daily gain (ADG) between the two housing types. However, the traditional wooden house (weekly weight gain: 0.69 ± 0.2 kg, ADG: 98.22 ± 23.4 g) demonstrated slightly higher compared to the aluminium galvanized iron house (weekly weight gain: 0.60 ± 0.1 kg, ADG: 85.32 ± 16.4 g). Weekly growth trends revealed steady weight increases with temporary stagnation around weeks 4–6 due to feed supply challenges. These findings confirm that both housing systems provide adequate environments for the physiological development of Saanen does. The study supports the feasibility of aluminium galvanized iron housing as a cost-effective and sustainable alternative for small ruminant farming in Malaysia.
Sensory evaluation of four red hybrid tilapia (Oreochromis Sp.) strains among fish consumers
The viability of tilapia in the aquaculture industry is due to the market demands that consumers decide. Since every aquaculture species had distinct sensory attributes, a hedonic sensory evaluation was performed to assess the sensory characteristics of the flesh of four red hybrid tilapia strains: (i) ?O.niloticus x ?O.niloticus (A)(MF280061), ?O.mossambicus x ?O.mossambicus (B) (MF509596), ?O.niloticus x ?O.mossambicus (C)(MF509597) and ?O.mossambicus x ?O. niloticus (D)(MF509598). Hedonic and ranking tests were carried out by 120 participants who assessed each strain's 25 g steamed flesh. The sensory analysis was carried out by using five hedonic scales. They participated through a volunteer invitation. The surveyed population participated by 62.50% and 37.50% females and males, respectively. Participants were asked to complete the questionnaires, including demographic questions hedonic scores, and rank according to their preferences. Means of sensory attributes were analysed using the Kruskal-Wallis test at p<0.05. No significant differences (p>0.05) exist between strains in the sensory attributes related to taste, odour, and juiciness. Strain D had the highest scores in all sensory attributes compared to other strains. However, only the texture (3.97±0.71) attribute was found to be significantly different (p<0.05). Overall acceptability by participants demonstrated that the variations between strains were not statistically different (p>0.05). Nevertheless, strain D (141.00) was ranked significantly higher compared to other strains. Thus, the participant's distinct, undistinguishable sensory attributes revealed that all strains could be commercialised as table fish.
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of Tropical Resources and Sustainable Science (JTRSS)
Effects of silicon treatments on Nilaparvata lugens and rice yield under field conditions
The brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), is a destructive pest of rice crops. In the present work, experiments were conducted to study the impact of an ideal Si rate of 200 kg/ha applied at different splits on brown planthopper infestation and rice yield components under natural field conditions. Results showed that application at a two-equal split of 100 kg Si/ha at 7 and 45 days after transplanting (DAT) significantly controlled the brown planthopper infestation by an average of 59.2% compared to control. However, the fertilisation time did not contribute to giving maximum rice grain yield. The maximum rice grain yield was achieved with 200 kg Si/ha applied once at 25 days after transplanting. The agronomic efficiency of these two methods were 3.79 kg/ha and 4.25 kg/ha, respectively. This may help to explain why a single application of Si during the maximum tillering-reproductive stages (25 DAT) is critical for producing rice grain yield. The application of Si effectively increased the uptake of N, P, and K in rice plants. An increase in these macronutrients in rice plants may be the reason why rice plants effectively hindered the brown planthopper infestation and also provided greater nutrients for sustaining the rice grain yield. Overall, the application during the early vegetative (7 DAT) and reproductive (45 DAT) stages sheds light on how Si application influences the rice plants' defence mechanisms against brown planthoppers but sacrifices the grain yield. Future research on silicon applications and integration with biological control for ecologically sustainable pest management in rice should be considered.
The farmer in the Dell: Hi-Ho, the Derry-O, the current status of worldwide science mapping on precision irrigation
Precision irrigation is essential to water-saving agricultural practices because agriculture and food are vital sectors for nations. This study evaluated how precision irrigation in agriculture is discussed in the current academic literature via science mapping of bibliometric data. A total of 967 documents spanning an 83-year publication timeline were accessed from the Scopus database using keywords related to precision irrigation. The extracted bibliographical information was analysed using Biblioshiny packages in R programming for trends, citation analysis, and intellectual structure. The findings show that precision irrigation research has grown over the past 20 years, with an average annual growth rate of 13.52% in publications. India is the most productive country in precision irrigation research, followed by China and the United States. Additionally, Hohai University has emerged as one of the top research institutions conducting precision irrigation research. In contrast, this study also shows that precision irrigation research has advanced from examining soil water and medium moisture content to creating an intelligent irrigation system to automate farmer decisions regarding crop water requirements and irrigation scheduling processes. These findings offer valuable insights for scholars seeking a deeper understanding of the global science mapping of precision irrigation for future research endeavours.
Detection of aflatoxin M1 in raw cow milk in Perak district
Milk and dairy products are potentially contaminated with aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), especially in tropical and subtropical regions like Malaysia. This study aimed to detect the concentration of AFM1 in raw cow milk samples by ELISA method. A total of 46 samples of raw cow milk were received from four Milk Collection Centres (MCC) in Perak (A, B, C and D). 13.0% of the samples examined were found to exceed the European Commission (EC) 0.05 µg/kg maximum limit, with samples from MCC B and D accounting for 25.0% and 21.1% respectively. Statistical analysis showed that there was a significant difference in the mean concentration of AFM1 between the four MCCs at p<0.05. Among all these MCC groups, MCC A-B showed that there was a significant difference in concentration of AFM1 mean value at p<0.0125, while other groups of MCC groups were not significantly different. Nevertheless, all AFM1 concentration values in this study were below the 0.5 µg/kg limit set by the Food Act 1983 (Act 281) & Food Regulation (1985). However, the low concentration of aflatoxin observed in this study does not guarantee its absence in the future. Therefore, improvements especially in the process of handling and storing livestock feed and products (milk and meat) as well as consistent monitoring for the presence of aflatoxin to reduce the risk of aflatoxin toxicity to consumers.
Preliminary testing for utilising oil palm empty fruit bunch fibre in home compost making and its usability in planting medium towards growth of bird’s-eye chili (Capsicum annum)
In this preliminary study, a home-based composting routine utilising waste oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fibre, garden and kitchen waste, and home-made effective microorganism (EM) solution was carried out. The purpose of this research was to explore potential waste utilisation practice which can start from home. The 9 compost premix samples prepared with different amounts (7%, 14%, 50%, 100%) of OPEFB fibre displayed varying durations of composting time from 4 to 8 weeks. It was observed that compost containing higher amounts of OPEFB fibre took a longer time to mature. The addition of the EM solution to the compost premix samples aided the decomposition of the OPEFB fibre. The compost sample made of 100% OPEFB fibre took 8 weeks of composting period while its replicate sample which was treated with EM took 7 weeks to compost. The usableness of the home-made compost in a planting medium consisting of soil, compost and cocopeat with a ratio of 3:1:1 was tested to grow bird’s-eye chili seeds. Based on the results, soil treated with compost containing OPEFB fibres showed better results for plant growth compared to soil having no compost and with control compost sample (0% OPEFB fibre). It was also observed that compost treated with EM containing 14% OPEFB fibre and 86% vegetable scraps with an initial C: N ratio of 29.9:1 showed the best result towards the plants growth. Based on this finding, home-made compost utilising OPEFB fibre can be included as part of planting medium to support plant growth.
Tomato fruit: Origin and its developmental regulation
Fruit development and ripening genes have a close relationship with the regulatory elements that control the development of floral organs. Furthermore, like with many other aspects of plant development, understanding the processes that drive fruit development and ripening necessitates disclosing both the genetic and epigenetic architecture that underpins gene structure and expression. Moreover, there is increasing evidence that epigenetic regulators are important in fruit development and ripening, and that they may work together with hormones and transcription factors. To determine particular chromatin states, epigenetic changes like-as DNA methylation, histone post-translational modifications, and noncoding RNAs can interact with one another. Developments in the plant's molecular biology have enabled researchers to surpass the limits of classical methodology of study for other crops especially the tomato's ancestor. In this review, we cover a variety of subjects, including the history of the tomato, the evolution of fruit ripening regulation, and the mechanisms relating to epigenetic regulation in tomato fruit ripening. These findings, according to researchers, may have a significant impact on crop development strategies in fruit-bearing species.
Level of perception on fertigation technology among Indigenous people in Perak, Malaysia
Fertigation technology has proven to be a successful method for enhancing crop yields by applying nutrients. It is cost-effective, easy to install, and simple to operate, which is why many farmers in Malaysia have adopted it. However, indigenous people have hesitated to use it due to negative perceptions. This study aims to determine the level of perception of indigenous people in Perak towards fertigation technology. The study uses a quantitative approach based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), with attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control as independent variables and perception towards fertigation technology as the dependent variable. A purposive sampling technique was used to select 150 respondents, and descriptive analysis was employed for data analysis. The findings demonstrate that the mean score for indigenous people's perception of fertigation technology was moderate (M = 2.7667, SD = 0.87774) including their attitude (M = 2.5875, SD = .94309). While subjective norm (M = 2.3343, SD = 0.90242), and perceived behavioural control (M =2.3933, SD = .86919) have a low mean score. These empirical findings provide valuable insights for policy-makers to help indigenous people adapt to modern technology and boost their economic growth, especially into actionable strategies that facilitate the adaptation of indigenous people to modern agricultural practices while respecting their cultural identity and promoting sustainable development.
Effect of abootre (Senna siamea) leafy biomass and NPK (15:15:15) fertilizer on the growth and yield of hot pepper, Capsicum frutescens (L.)
Farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa are often deterred from using fertilizers on their crops due to the high cost of inorganic fertilizers and the environmental strain associated with intensive agriculture, which relies heavily on inputs. However, a comprehensive understanding of how the integration of organic biomass, such as Senna siamea leafy biomass, and conventional fertilizers like NPK (15:15:15) impacts the growth and yield of specific crops like hot pepper is lacking. A field experiment was carried out at the Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources Demonstration Farm, KNUST-Kumasi, Ghana in 2023 to assess the effect of S. siamea leafy biomass and NPK (15:15:15) inorganic fertilizer on the growth and yield of hot pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) in a randomized complete block design. Four treatments were used and allocated as T1 (Control), T2 (0.096kg of NPK), T3 (0.32063kg of S. siamea leafy biomass) and T4 (0.1532kg of S. siamea leafy biomass + 0.048kg of NPK). The treatments were replicated four times. The parameters investigated were; height, number of leaves, fruit yield and fruit dry weight. Treatments showed significant difference between them in the parameters investigated on, p?0.05. The combined application of S. siamea leafy biomass and NPK (15:15:15) fertilizer significantly increased the growth in height (42.75 cm), number of leaves (40.75), fruit yield (305291 fruits/ha) and dry fruit weight (484 kg/ha) of hot pepper compared to the sole application of the individual materials and the control, p?0.05. In terms of effect of these treatments, T4 [(0.1532 kg of S. siamea leafy biomass + 0.048 kg NPK (15:15:15)] favored the growth and yield of hot pepper the most, followed by the sole application of S. siamea leafy biomass T3 (0.32063 kg of S. siamea leafy biomass), sole NPK (0.09 kg of NPK) and then T1 (control) recording the lowest growth in height (19.32 cm), number of leaves (21.25), fruit yield (129693 fruits/ha) and fruit dry weight (115 kg/ha) of hot pepper. Therefore, the combined application of T4[(0.1532 kg of S. siamea leafy biomass + 0.048 kg NPK (15:15:15)] could be adopted by farmers as an economically fit fertilizer treatment for optimum hot pepper performance. Additionally, S. siamea leafy biomass might be adopted by hot pepper farmers as an alternative to inorganic in terms of cost and availability in sub-Saharan Africa.
Modeling the impact of urbanization and climate change on groundwater flow pattern in Warri-Effurun area of the western Niger Delta
Warri-Effurun is one of the oil regions in the Niger Delta and has experienced industrial expansion with upsurge in population growth in the last five decades. The attendant effect of such growth is synonymous with more groundwater pumping needed to satisfy domestic, industrial and other purposes. The consequence is the subjection of aquifers to intensive abstraction of groundwater to meet the water needs of the inhabitants. The high demand for groundwater may be worsened by the climate change. The impact of climate change on groundwater is complex but can better be understood by modeling. The study used groundwater modeling software to understand groundwater flow pattern under high groundwater over-abstraction under climate change conditions. Model scenarios output revealed that pumping is sustainable when the aquifer was recharged with 2*10-4mm/year of precipitation and pumping rate of 6.1776m3/day, groundwater flow is towards the Warri River. However, flow direction was reversed when pumping rate was increased geometrically to 13,590.72m3/day with zero net recharge (drought conditions precipitated by climate change). The reversal in the flow direction is indicative of interaction between groundwater and river water. The implication is that contaminants may be transported from the river into the aquifer, consequently compromising groundwater quality and thus making it unsuitable for drinking. The study concludes that groundwater modeling is a better tool in understanding how stressed aquifer under the influence of climate change may respond to heavy groundwater over-pumping.
A preliminary study on the effect of the combination of Blaptica dubia (Order: Blattodea) and commercial fish feed on red hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis sp.
Fish meal and soybean meal are the main sources of protein in most fish feeds. Changes in feed and fish production costs are a concern for aquaculturists. Because they are a natural component of fish diets and have a high protein, vitamin, and digestibility profile, insects may be able to contribute to meeting the growing demand for fishmeal. This study was a preliminary investigation on the effect of various dietary combinations (Blaptica dubia + commercial pellet) on the weight of red hybrid tilapia, Oreochromis sp. fry. The Oreochromis sp. fingerlings were acclimatized to the laboratory condition for seven days. Five different mixtures of feed were concocted [T1 (60% B. dubia + 40% commercial pellet), T2 (70% B. dubia + 30% commercial pellet), T3 (80% B. dubia + 20% commercial pellet), T4 (90% B. dubia + 10% commercial pellet) and T5 (100% B. dubia)]. The control group of Oreochromis sp. was fed with 100% commercial pellet. Throughout the experiment period, the growth of the fish was monitored weekly for 15 weeks. Then, the fish were euthanatized, and the liver was subjected to histology analysis. The results show that T3, T4, and T5 feed mixtures promote the best growth and survival rate for Oreochromis sp. while causing liver damage. T1 and T2 fish feed ratios are better alternatives as they promote healthy fish and increased weight (p < 0.05).
A theoretical review of flood and its social-economic impacts
This research employed Google’s engine to investigate 48 journals, newspapers, and government reports to identify the trend of research related to floods. It was found that Southeast Asia countries like Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia are relatively giving less attention to flooding issue, particularly on disaster preparedness, risk factors and perception, hazard assessment, uncertainty analysis and vulnerability in buildings. Nine theories and models were reviewed; a conceptual framework was developed based on behavioural decision theory (BDT), Protective Action Decision Model (PADM), Rational Actor Paradigm (RAP), expectancy-valence models (EVM), circumplex model of affect (CMA), and agent-based modelling. This framework encompasses the creation of a flood map using agent-based modelling while examining the decision-making environment, including certainty, uncertainty, and risk, along with their implications, such as assessing emotional states and economic losses. This would ultimately help us to understand the ways of life of the people in Kelantan, which recover efforts and raise awareness could be implemented effectively. Ultimately, the findings of this study can assist stakeholders, planners, and decision-makers in creating more effective policies and guidelines to support the people in Kelantan.
Delineation of Groundwater Potentials in Alkaleri And Environs, North-Eastern Nigeria
Water is a necessity in every day of our life. In our homes, offices, schools, hospitals, markets, industries, and even in our personal journey, there is always the need for continual water supply to meet our basic water needs. The research is aimed at delineating groundwater potentials in Alkaleri and environs. The geological field mapping was carried out and different rock types were identified in the study area, which consist of Precambrian basement rocks (Migmatite Gneiss, Hornblende Granite, and Bauchite), and the tertiary sedimentary rock of Kerri-Kerri formation. The vertical electrical sounding method was used to delineate the groundwater potentials in the research area. A total of 30 vertical electrical sounding points was randomly selected and surveyed. The electrode configuration used for the work was Schlumberger array. Fourteen curves were identified in the study area. The result revealed that the transverse resistance values vary from 78.5 ?m2 to 7984.9 ?m2 with an average value of 2180.534?m2. The values of longitudinal conductance ranges from 0.002258 ? to 0.74634037 ? with an average of 0.1713455?. The transmissivity values range from 8.89 m2/day to 467.2 m2/day, average value of 100.3 m2/day. The hydraulic conductivity values range from 0.9m/day to 29.6m/day with mean value of 8.3m/day. Aquifer characteristics revealed that transmissivity and hydraulic conductivity showed low potential.
Mango Pulp Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Sternochetus frigidus Interaction with Mango Volatile Compound
Sternochetus frigidus, commonly known as the mango pulp weevil, threatens mango trees. The current study evaluated the infestation of this weevil and its influence by the volatile compound of the mango species: Mangifera indica (mangga epal) and M. odorata (kuinin). The length from the mango skin to the location of the weevil found was measured. The mango peel and pulp were extracted for volatile compound determination using gas chromotography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) headspace concentration methods. Results demonstrated a higher number of larvae, pupae, and adults of S. frigidus on M. odorata (100%) than M. indica (70%). The higher infestation level was demonstrated by M. odorata, which had higher amine and monoterpene hydrocarbon concentrations. The study found only M. indica contained phenolandrene and copaene compounds, which were not found in M. odorata. Mangifera odorata contained linalool, limonene, and terpinene which was not found in M. indica. These compounds can be good pheromone-trapping lures for controlling mango pulp weevils.
Factors Influence the Acceptance of Smart Farming Technologies (SFTs) among Youth in Higher Learning Education in Malaysia
Smart farming, a modern approach that integrates technology and innovation into agricultural practices, presents a compelling opportunity to attract young people to the agricultural sector. This approach has the potential to transform youth perceptions of agriculture, shifting it from a perceived outdated and unappealing career path to a viable and profitable option. Therefore, this research aims to determine the factors influencing the acceptability of Smart Farming Technologies (SFTs) among youth in selected public universities. Findings indicate that all factors exhibited strong positive correlations (>0.6) with the adoption of SFTs among youth. Attitude emerged as the most influential factor, followed by knowledge and awareness, demonstrating the highest standardized coefficient (0.406) and t-value (7.034). These results suggest that a positive attitude towards SFTs is a critical factor in influencing their acceptance among young people. This study emphasizes the crucial role of knowledge, attitude, and awareness in both promoting SFTs among youth and empowering them to facilitate the adoption of agricultural technology.
Advances in Ecological Modeling: Tools, Approaches, and Future Perspectives
An ecological model serves as a simplified representation of a real-world system, aiming to capture our current understanding of its functioning through the use of mathematical relationships, computer code, and rules. Ecological modeling gained remarkable popularity as a tool in environmental management during the 1970s. Over time, various tools and approaches for ecological modeling have been invented and developed. Ecological models play a crucial role in supporting environmental decision-making by predicting ecological consequences and helping achieve societal objectives. This paper aims to review recent model types, approaches, and tools used by ecologists by consolidating peer-reviewed research articles published from 1984 to 2023. The results revealed that researchers employ unique model types to address specific ecosystem situations. These model types include dynamic, population dynamic, static, structurally dynamic, artificial neural networks, fuzzy, individual-based, and cellular automata, ecotoxicological, spatial, stochastic, and hybrid/integrated models. Each model has limitations in its application and is suitable for specific situations. However, integrated/hybrid models are recommended as they combine multiple model types, enhancing their effectiveness. Different model approaches such as Ecopath, Ecosim, Ecospace, Ecotroph, and Ecopath with Ecosim are utilized for modeling ecosystems and predicting outcomes amidst disturbances caused by anthropogenic factors, fishing impacts, and climate change. These model approaches greatly contribute to our understanding of ecosystems. However, despite the variety of methods available, authors still encounter challenges when using these methods, leading to the evolution and refinement of additional approaches and tools that will continue to emerge in the future.
A review on Acetes morphological and molecular identification, and its distribution
This review explores some aspects of Acetes spp., which covers its morphological and molecular identification and geographical distribution. Identification methods, including morphological and molecular approaches, are presented to improve the understanding of Acetes spp. diversity. The review explores the global distribution of each species of Acetes. The information presented serves as a foundational resource for researchers, practitioners, and enthusiasts interested in the various aspects of Acetes spp.
Insect diversity and guild composition in seasonal tropical fruit orchards
Tropical seasonal fruit orchards are dynamic ecosystems that support a wide range of insect species, contributing significantly to regional biodiversity and various ecological functions. This study aims to assess the diversity and guild structure of insects in fruit orchards in Northern Malaysia during both the off-season (December 2022–January 2023) and the flowering season (February 2023 – April 2023). Insects were collected using pheromone traps, malaise traps, and sticky traps across four locations in Penang and Kedah, Malaysia. A total of 1,930 individual insects, representing 11 orders and 56 families, were captured during the off-season, while 4,569 individuals from 11 orders and 58 families were recorded during the flowering season. Chrysopidae (Neuroptera) was the most abundant family during the off-season (688 individuals), whereas Tephritidae (Diptera) dominated the flowering season (1,863 individuals). The flowering season exhibited greater insect diversity (H’=2.134) and evenness (E=0.526), although the off-season had higher species richness (IMargalef = 7.27). In terms of guild structure, pests were the dominant insect guild in both seasons, followed by pollinators. By comparing the relative abundance across the two seasons, pest abundance increased from the off-season to the flowering season, while pollinator abundance significantly decreased. This finding provides valuable insights into the insect fauna within the fruit orchards which can contribute to a better understanding of insect ecology and aid in the development of sustainable pest management strategies.
Effect of Excessive Nitrogen Fertilizer and Glyphosate Application in Brassica rapa var. chinensis
Nitrogen fertilizers and herbicides are used in excessive and disproportionate quantities to increase crop yields. However, apart from being taken by the crops or weeds, these agrochemicals above the threshold level pollute the soil. Thus, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the physical growth and oxidative stress of Brassica rapa var. chinensis (Bok choy) when exposed to different rates of nitrogen fertilizer and herbicide (glyphosate). The soil was treated with urea fertilizer at 0.0 kg N ha-1 (T0), 70.0 kg N ha-1 (T1), 80.0 kg N ha-1 (T2), 90.0 kg N ha-1 (T3), and 115.0 kg N ha-1 (T4); with 0.5 kg ai ha-1 glyphosate. The height of B. rapa significantly reduces with the application of glyphosate at N-treated soil at 80, 90 and 115 kg N ha-1. Similarly, the root length of B. rapa was significantly reduced at all urea and glyphosate treatments (T1-T4). Nevertheless, shoot fresh weight was observed to be less susceptible; with stimulated growth (p<0.05) was recorded at all single application of urea except at 80.0 kg N ha-1 (CT2 and T2). The leaf diameter of B. rapa was greatly promoted at all single urea application but reduced with the application of glyphosate, with smallest diameter was recorded at T2. However, no significant effects on chlorophyll contents were detected across treatment combinations. Glyphosate alone caused the highest injury level to the leaf membrane seven times higher than the control, with the root recorded with the lowest injury level. The root membrane leakage showed a higher injury level at T1 and T2, two to three times higher than the control, respectively. Therefore, this study suggests that B. rapa gave various responses to urea and glyphosate toxicity when applied both by single and a combination of treatments. B. rapa was found to be more sensitive to glyphosate efficacy when urea was supplied at 80 kg N ha-1 than other fertilizer concentrations.
cell injury; chlorophyll content; electrolyte leakage; oxidative stress; root length; toxicity
Estimating Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity of Cocopeat-Perlite Mixtures Using RETC Software
Cocopeat in soilless culture needs to be mixed with other coarser substrate to increase aeration medium. Hydraulic conductivity is fluid ability measurement to flow through pore spaces happens in saturated and unsaturated conditions. This study focused to estimate cocopeat-perlite unsaturated hydraulic conductivity using RETC software. 6 treatments were used, 100% cocopeat act as control treatment (T1), while treatments with different cocopeat-perlite ratio (T2=3 cocopeat:1 perlite;T3=2 cocopeat:1 perlite;T4=1 cocopeat:1 perlite;T5=1 cocopeat:2 perlite;T6=1 cocopeat:3 perlite) has been use for cocopeat-perlite unsaturated conductivity determination. Results obtained were compared using van Genuchten–mualem model, van Genuchten–Burdine and Brooks-and-Corey model with RETC software. Increase in perlite ratio, increases the hydraulic conductivity changes rate as the porosity in substrate increase, thus increase in plant roots aeration. T2 and T3 served as aeration improvement for cocopeat medium without rapid water loss in crop cultivation. In comparing results in Brooks-and-Corey and van Genuchten-Mualem, the derivation of hydraulic conductivity is increases as approaching to saturation point. However, to obtain accurate results when n is larger than 2, the van Genuchten model was preferable due to no bubbling pressure effect that may resulting in discontinuity happened near slopes at saturation point.
The Effects of Creep Feed and Commercial Concentrates on Growth Performance of Pre-weaning Dorper Lambs
The study aims to evaluate the effects of creep feed and commercial concentrates on the growth performance of pre-weaning Dorper lambs in accelerated lambing production. The Dorper lambs were selected based on breeding cohorts bred in January 2023, where 48 lambs were born with a mean birth weight of 4.11±0.2 kg. The lambs were divided into three groups and randomly assigned to the treatments. The experiment started when the lambs were ten (10) days old. Three dietary treatments, namely creep feed (CF) as control, commercial concentrate A (CA), and concentrate B (CB) with crude protein (CP) at 18.25%, 14.73%, and 13.05%, respectively. The treatments were assumed to be isocaloric feed. The feed given was calculated, and the lambs had free access to water and were permitted to suckle ewes (ad libitum). A GLM procedure was performed to determine the effects of feed and sexes, which are significant for growth traits. The results were that only male lambs fed with CF were significantly higher (p<0.05) on the weaning weight (28.10±1.2 kg) and average daily gain (ADG) (258.08±13.8 g/day) compared with other treatments. However, there is no significant difference (p<0.05) for male and female lambs fed with CA and CB. Therefore, the present finding suggested that the CF could increase the weaning weight and ADG over a short period for male Dorper lambs.
Morphometric Analysis of Drainage Basins Using ArcGIS: A Case Study of the Anambra River Basin for Understanding Erosion Patterns and Hydrological Characteristics
The Anambra River Basin's hydrological and erosion dynamics are critical for regional water resource management. This study aims to analyze the morphometric characteristics of the five major basins within the Anambra River Basin to understand their impact on hydrology and erosion patterns. The study aims to provide a comprehensive morphometric analysis of the Anambra River Basin to inform effective water resource management and erosion control strategies. Morphometric parameters such as area and perimeter of the five major basins were analyzed. Stream order analysis was conducted to classify streams into secondary, primary, and tertiary orders, along with a category labeled "Others" for minor streams. The First Basin, the largest, covers an area of 1459.27 km² with a perimeter of 257.38 km. The smaller basins, Fourth and Fifth, have areas of 171.81 km² and 227.45 km², respectively. Tertiary streams, with an area of 0.78 km² and perimeter of 75.37 km, were identified as having the highest runoff volume. Larger basins like the First Basin are more susceptible to erosion due to their extensive surface areas exposed to rainfall and runoff. Smaller basins, influenced by localized factors, experience less intense erosion. Stream order analysis highlights the significant hydrological contributions of tertiary streams. Effective water resource management in the Anambra River Basin requires understanding the distinct morphometric characteristics of each basin. Larger basins necessitate extensive erosion control measures, while smaller basins require localized strategies. The study underscores the importance of tailored management practices to mitigate erosion and ensure sustainable water use. This study provides a detailed morphometric analysis of the Anambra River Basin, offering insights into the hydrological and erosion dynamics of different basin sizes and stream orders. It emphasizes the need for tailored management strategies to address specific hydrological and environmental challenges within the basin.
erosion control, stream order classification, water resource management, basin hydrology, sediment transport
Effects of different concentrations of Aspergillus niger on fermentation characteristics and nutritive value of Napier grass silage
Napier grass is considered to be low-quality grass due to its low nutritional value. This study was aimed at investigating the effect of Aspergillus niger on the improvement of Napier grass silage quality. The plants were mixed with 7% molasses and A. niger at a rate of 0 (T0), 106 (T1) and 107 spores/ml (T2). Each kg of plant materials was mixed with 10.7ml fungal substrate and ensiled for 45 days. According to the results of this study, the pH tended to decrease with an increased rate of A. niger, while the lactic acid content tended to increase. The T1 silage showed lower (p<0.05) ash content than others. Non-significant (p>0.05) differences were observed on other proximate components. An increasing trend was observed in crude protein content with an increasing rate of A. niger, while no consistent trend was observed in crude fibre content. In conclusion, A. niger could be used as an additive to enhance the silage quality, but further research is needed to know the nature of the mode of action of A. niger in silage.
Advances in spermatogonial stem cell research: A systematic review and bibliometric analysis
Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are an exceptionally rare group of testicular cells that give rise to all subsequent male germ cells, the basis of spermatogenesis and male fertility. The SSCs have shown great potential in livestock breeding systems, medical applications, and genetic conservation of endangered species. In this study, we used bibliometric analysis to assess worldwide research trends in the SSCs area based on publication outputs, co-authorships among authors, and affiliated countries. A systematic review was performed to discuss: 1) current drawbacks in developing the SSCs culture system, 2) current progress in SSC transplantation in various species, and 3) potential applications of the male germline stem cells. Results of the bibliometric analysis on the Scopus database showed a total of 2171 research articles issued between 1965 to 2023. With a consistent annual publication of more than 100 articles, it was suggested that a strong interest in SSC research started in the last 11 years. About 54% of the total global publications were contributed by researchers from the United States of America (USA) and China, leading the other 59 countries/territories. The studies highlighting and discussing SSCs from the present future and prospects are useful to researchers, academicians, and policymakers.
Plantlet regeneration of Cucumis melo L. Glamour cv. using different types of cytokinin and explants
Plantlets or clones’ regeneration in Cucurbitaceae species can be performed in vitro by applying the tissue culture techniques. Hypocotyls, cotyledons, leaves, cotyledonary nodes and petioles can be used as the explants or starting materials to initiate the regeneration under laboratory condition. BAP (Benzyl aminopurine) and TDZ (Thidiazuron) were among the well-known cytokinin used in tissue culture as plant hormones to regulate the plant growth in vitro. The effectiveness of BAP and TDZ was investigated in this study to determine the effect of different types of cytokinin hormone on C. melo explants since both hormones might show differences in their activity towards C. melo explants. This study found that BAP was superior at all used concentrations compared to TDZ during most of the growing stage of the explants (cotyledons and hypocotyls). Based on this finding, the experiment was repeated by using different types of explants which were nodal explants, petioles and young shoots along with cotyledons and hypocotyls, by using BAP that showed excellent plantlet regeneration. Cotyledon and nodal explants successfully regenerated plantlets with excellent height and significant number of shoots compared to the rest of the explants. The plantlets from cotyledons and nodal explants were regenerated via direct regeneration without any formation of callus. The direct shoot regeneration was the preferred method for mass production via tissue culture because the chances of somaclonal variation is low. Contrarily, the hypocotyls, petioles and shoot tips mostly developed callus and only several treatments formed very small plantlets.
The Acceptance Level of Fertigation Technology System among Farmers in Kelantan
Fertigation technology system has emerged as an assisted technology to ease the farmers' jobs in the field. This technology has been popularly used by chilli, cucumber, and eggplant growers as it can minimise farm labour use. However, due to the high installation and maintenance costs, farmers refuse because they cannot afford it on their farms. Additionally, this system may appear to have technical problems such as blockage, and the skilful person must attend to it. So, this study aims to examine farmers' acceptance level in Kelantan on the fertigation system technology. About 100 respondents from Kota Bharu, Tumpat, Pasir Mas and Bachok were interviewed using a structured questionnaire, and simple random sampling was used as a sampling method for this study. The descriptive analysis has also been used to identify the socio-demographic profile of the respondents and the acceptance level towards the fertigation system. The mean score was categorised into three categories: low (1 to 2.33), moderate (2.34 to 3.66) and high (3.67 to 5). The findings demonstrate a high mean score, with 70% of the farmers accepting the fertigation system to assist them on the farm. In conclusion, most farmers have opened their minds and are ready to get the fertigation system technology to generate more profit. It is hoped that more collaborations between government agencies, non-profit organisations, and investors will notice the need for this technology to boost farmers' livelihoods and Malaysian food security.
Growth performance of durian based on crop water requirement (ETc) using irrigation system
Water use for agricultural production in water scarcity regions requires precise irrigation water for sustainable irrigation management. The correct amount of irrigation water should be applied to ensure the survival of plants. Currently, farmers apply irrigation without considering the actual amount of the crop water requirement (ETc), which may lead to over or under-irrigation. These problems may cause water logging, crop stress, reduced yield and inefficient farm management. Durian (Durio zibethinus) is an important economic crop of Southeast Asian countries, including Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Lately, durian plantation has been increasing in Malaysia with innovative and sustainable approaches through irrigation or fertigation. The growth of durian is highly affected by water and nutrients given to the plants. This paper highlights the effect of precise irrigation through durian water requirement. Hence, this study aims to compare the difference in growth performance between existing practices (irrigation without ETc) and irrigation based on ETc. The study was conducted in the durian plantation at Sri Lalang, Kluang, Johor. There were two treatments tested on the durian, which are treatment 1 (T1) existing practice (irrigation without ETc) and treatment 2 (T2), irrigation based on ETc. The experimental design for this experiment is a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four (4) blocks, and four trees for each treatment per block. The data collection includes the height of the tree, canopy width, girth’s diameter, node distance, leaf length and leaf weight. These data were analysed using ANOVA and LSD. Data was collected from April until November 2020. There was a significant difference in node distance from April until September. However, there were no significant differences for other growth parameters, suggesting precise crop water requirement can save water and minimize cost for the whole irrigation management.