Manhaj Kritik Matan Hadis: Konsep Dan Aplikasi

The Methodology of Hadith Text Criticism: Concept and Applications

Abstract

Kajian ini meneroka konsep dan aplikasi Manhaj Kritik Matan Hadis sebagai suatu disiplin ilmu hadis yang fundamental. Ia memberikan penekanan kepada analisis kritikal terhadap teks (matan) hadis, sebagai pelengkap kepada penelitian terhadap rantaian periwayat (sanad). Dengan mengaplikasikan metodologi kualitatif berteraskan pendekatan istidlal(inferens) dan jadali (dialektik), analisis dilaksanakan terhadap pandangan-pandangan autoritatif dalam kalangan ulama hadis dan fiqh. Hasil kajian mengabsahkan bahawa kritikan matan bukanlah suatu inovasi terkemudian, sebaliknya merupakan amalan yang berakar umbi sejak era sahabat. Kepentingan manhaj ini didorong oleh beberapa faktor, antaranya amalan periwayatan secara makna (al-Riwayah bi al-Ma'na), potensi kesilapan tidak sengaja (wahm) dalam kalangan perawi yang dipercayai (thiqah), serta kewujudan riwayat yang bercelaru (mudhtarib) dan mengandungi sisipan atau tambahan (mudraj). Selanjutnya, kajian ini mendapati bahawa aplikasi manhaj ini melangkaui sekadar penentuan kesahihan riwayat; ia turut berfungsi sebagai instrumen kritikal bagi menangani interpretasi ekstremis dan penyelewengan makna teks hadis, khususnya yang sering dieksploitasi oleh kumpulan teroris. Justeru, dirumuskan bahawa pendekatan holistik yang menyepadukan kritikan sanad dan matan adalah suatu keperluan mandatori bagi memastikan pemahaman yang tepat, seimbang, dan autoritatif terhadap korpus Sunnah Nabawiyyah.

This paper elaborates on the concept and application of the Methodology of Hadith Text Criticism as a fundamental discipline within hadith studies. It emphasizes the critical analysis of the hadith text (matn) as a complement to the examination of the chain of narrators (sanad). By applying a qualitative methodology based on inferential (istidlal) and dialectical (jadali) approaches, an analysis of authoritative views among scholars of hadith and Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) was conducted. The findings validate that hadith text criticism is not a later innovation but is, in fact, a practice rooted in the era of the Prophet's companions. The significance of this methodology is driven by several factors, including the practice of non-verbatim transmission (al-Riwayah bi al-Ma'na), the potential for unintentional errors (wahm) among trustworthy narrators (thiqah), and the existence of confounded (mudhtarib) and interpolated (mudraj) narrations. Furthermore, this study finds that the application of this methodology extends beyond merely determining the authenticity of a narration; it also functions as a critical instrument for addressing and refuting extremist interpretations and the distortion of hadith texts, particularly those often exploited by terrorist groups. Therefore, it is concluded that a holistic approach integrating both chain of narrators (sanad) and text (matn) criticism is a mandatory requirement to ensure a precise, balanced, and authoritative understanding of the corpus of the Prophetic Sunnah.