GDP: Demographic Insights into the Ethnic and Gender Contributions of Orang Asli Communities

Abstract

This study investigates the demographic determinants of state-level Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Malaysian states with Orang Asli populations. Using secondary data from the Department of Statistics Malaysia (DOSM), the Department of Orang Asli Development (JAKOA), and other government sources, the analysis assesses how ethnic composition and gender distribution contribute to economic outcomes. Five independent variables are tested: Malay Proto (MLYPRO), Senoi (SEN), Negrito (NGRT), male population (GDRM), and female population (GDRF). Grounded in Human Capital Theory, which links education, health, and skills to productivity, and Gender and Development (GAD) Theory, which highlights systemic gender inequalities, the study applies regression analysis. Findings indicate that Senoi and Malay Proto populations are positively associated with GDP, while Negrito shows no significant effect. Gender differences are pronounced, with male population positively influencing GDP and female population negatively related to GDP. The results provide theoretical and policy insights for advancing inclusive economic strategies in Orang Asli communities.