Comparative Investigation on the Optimisation of Hydrogel Derived from Cellulose of Banana Stem (Musa x paradisiaca), Cellulose and Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) Crosslinked Using Citric Acid

Abstract

This study explores citric acid as a viable crosslinking agent for the development of hydrogels derived from banana stem cellulose, commercial cellulose, and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). It addresses the environmental impact of banana stem waste by advocating for sustainable cellulose extraction to reduce pollution from open burning. The alkaline-based extraction method successfully transforms 43% of banana stem powder, with critical considerations for Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)/Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) concentrations, extraction temperature, and lignin removal duration to optimise cellulose yield. Microscopy analysis confirms the fibrous nature of banana stem cellulose, distinguishing it from non-fibrous CMC. Its fibrous content influences dissolution in 8% NaOH and 12% urea, as the treatment helps break down the rigid fibres in the banana stem, making the cellulose easier to dissolve for subsequent use. Its higher fibrous content influences dissolution in 8% NaOH and 12% urea, impacting hydrogel properties and highlighting the need for precise dissolution conditions. The concentration of citric acid plays a pivotal role in the crosslinking process, influencing hydrogel characteristics. Hydrogels prepared with 40% citric acid show efficient crosslinking, a crucial factor for desirable properties. Comparative analyses employing FTIR Spectroscopy and SEM imaging distinguish Banana Stem Cellulose Hydrogel (BSCH), Cellulose Hydrogel (CH), and Carboxymethylcellulose Hydrogel (CMCH). The FTIR spectra reveal distinct peaks associated with hydroxyl groups, confirming the hydrophilic nature of the hydrogels. SEM images showcase BSCH’s fibrous and porous structure, emphasising its potential in applications like wound dressings. Antibacterial tests indicate BSCH’s enhanced effectiveness against Escherichia coli, attributed to citric acid inclusion. Adsorption studies demonstrate BSCH’s superior efficiency in removing methylene blue dye. Biodegradation investigations reveal BSCH’s controlled degradation (91%), outperforming CH (89%) and CMCH (100%), making it a promising material for wound care and environmental remediation.