Agronomic and Environmental Determinants of Mango Production Efficiency in Developing Countries: A Systematic Literature Review

Abstract

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the tropical fruits that is commonly grown to enhance livelihoods, farmers’ income and generate export earning for most of the developing nations. However, its productivity levels vary substantially depending on soil characteristics, climate effect, economic and management practices. To address this shortcoming, the study aims to provide comprehensive insights on the determinants of mango production efficiency and to highlight key knowledge gaps by synthesizing the main themes and critical theories found in existing literature. This study conducted a systematic review of 38 peer-reviewed published literatures between 2000 and 2025 that identify the agronomic and environmental factors that shape mango production efficiency in the developing economies and utilizes PRISMA method to examine critical factors influencing efficiency and productivity of mango. By systematically categorizing studies by themes, this study provides a comprehensive synthesis of production efficiency determinants and policy implication to guide future research. Overall, the findings found key determinants including fertiliser management, labour skill, planting density, and pest-control practices are the most significant agronomic factors, while the rainfall variability, temperature extremes, soil fertility, and drought frequency show measurable influence in environmental dimension. The review highlights actionable guidance for cross-regional benchmarking and stakeholders to achieve sustainable and more resilient mango production systems in developing countries.